Changes in Internet use during the COVID-19 confinement in Ecuador, Peru, Colombia and Argentina

the CoVid-19 pandemic drastically changed different aspects of the daily lives of millions of people, generating an increase in the use of the internet for maintaining social contact, teleworking or online studies. this study explores the extent to which the internet connection pattern changed during the CoVid-19 confinement in a sample of adults from four latin american countries, considering gender and age. a descriptive study was carried out, including a non-probabilistic convenience sample design. the final sample was comprised of 1488 participants. this analysis shows that internet habits changed in terms of frequency, duration, and time of use. We observe differences when it comes to gender and age. in women, the increases in use are greater for the different variables analyzed, especially for the frequency of connection at night. in terms of age, the younger the age, the greater the increase in internet connection time throughout the day and connection time at night. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved) (Spanish) la pandemia de CoVid-19 cambio drasticamente diferentes aspectos de la vida cotidiana de millones de personas, generando un incremento del uso de internet para el mantenimiento del contacto social, el teletrabajo o los estudios online. en este articulo se evalua en que medida presento cambios el patron de conexion a internet durante el confinamiento por CoVid-19 en una muestra de adultos de cuatro paises de america latina, considerando el sexo y la edad. se propuso un estudio descriptivo, con diseno no probabilistico de muestreo por conveniencia. la muestra final quedo compuesta por 1488 participantes. el analisis muestra que los habitos de conexion a internet se modificaron en terminos de frecuencia, duracion y horarios, observandose diferencias en funcion del sexo y la edad. en mujeres son mayores los incrementos de uso para las distintas variables analizadas, especialmente para la frecuencia de conexion nocturna. en cuanto a la edad, a menor edad se observa un mayor aumento del tiempo de conexion a internet a lo largo del dia y de conexion en horario nocturno. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)

#I Stay Home (If I Can): COVID-19 and Social Inequality in Peru: A View from Auto-Ethnography

The chapter aims to analyze the COVID-19 pandemic from an autoethnography carried out in Cusco (Peru). This highlights the social differences and socioeconomic conditions that influence theway of living the pandemic and suffering its effects, which, in the Peruvian case, has more critically affected the most vulnerable populations. Thus, the privileged people can stay at home while the rest must go out to live/survive. The chapter invites us to think about a new social pact, more equitable and fairer, that divorces the pandemic-social inequality marriage, observed in different parts of the planet, particularly in the Americas. This is necessary to avoid future problems of equal or greater magnitude that tend to take their toll on vulnerable populations that often do not have the means to pay, or pay at the risk of their lives. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2022, corrected publication 2022.

Micro plastic: an imperceptible threat on Agua Dulce Beach, Chorrillos District

The use of plastics in the world is increasing, but their proper final arrangement is limited. Peru made regulatory efforts to reduce its use;however, they are isolated activities that have not represented a significant change in their management. This study allows to identify the presence of microplastic on one of the busiest beaches of the city of Lima Metropolitana, during the emergency period caused by the SARS-COV-2 pandemic. To achieve the objectives of the research, it has been sampled in high tide and supra-coastal areas, applying the methodology proposed in the Ministry of the Environment's Soil Sampling Guide. This study shows the presence of microplastics, with an abundance of 43 pieces per m2, and found that the predominance of the type of microplastic found is of secondary origin (polystyrene and polypropylene);however, 20.9% correspond to primary microplastics (pellets) whose source could not be determined. Finally, it is indicated that despite restrictions on the state of emergency the number of microplastics per m2 in Agua Dulce Beach between 2019 (40 pieces) and 2020 (43 pieces) increased by 7.5%.

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on medical education: adaptability and remote learning experience of the Peruvian American Medical Society

The COVID-19 pandemic had a significant impact on medical care and medical education in Peru. In response, the Peruvian American Medical Society (PAMS), a charitable medical organization based in the USA, pursued its medical and educational missions in Peru by adopting virtual learning technology. We developed closer collaborative relationships with several medical schools and the Peruvian Association of Medical Schools (ASPEFAM) while offering a faculty panel of twenty-four members to provide lectures and multidisciplinary webinars in Spanish. We conducted 19 webinars including COVID -19 and non-COVID-19 related topics that over the last two years attracted 14,489 participants from 23 countries. They were the foundation for twenty publications in Peruvian medical journals. Our clinical investigations competition was positively received as was our pilot project on research mentorship. The COVID -19 pandemic had a positive effect on the educational mission of PAMS in Peru.

Factors associated with the perceived impact of the Peruvian hospital internship during COVID-19

Introduction: The pandemic affected the internship of health sciences students when they attended the hospital. Objective: To determine the factors associated with the perceived impact of the Peruvian hospital internship during COVID-19. Methods: Cross-sectional;descriptive, bivariate analytical and multivariate statistics were obtained based on an exploratory survey conducted as part of a larger investigation, to which variables such as age, sex, type of university, stress, anxiety, depression, and repercussions of the internship were associated. Results: Of 121 respondents, most of them thought that family would have supported if they have gotten a severe disease. Also, they thought that they could have infected their families or friends/acquaintances if they have gone to the hospital. Many of them disagreed on the statement about the hospital or university providing them safety implements. There was an association between thinking that they could have gotten COVID-19 if they have gone to the hospital versus anxiety score (p= 0,030), being a male according to the perception that the university provided materials to take care of themselves (p= 0,029), and having studied in a private university according to perceiving that the hospital would not have supported them if they have gotten seriously ill (p= 0,049). Conclusion: The factors associated with the perception of repercussions of the boarding school are family support, being able to infect their acquaintances, lack of materials provided by universities and hospitals, anxiety, being male, and coming from private universities. © 2023, Editorial Ciencias Medicas. All rights reserved.

Organizational Management of Primary Care in the Regional Health System in Puno, Peru

Objective To analyze the organizational management of primary health care (APS, by its initials in Spanish) during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Puno regional health system. Methods The methodological design adopted is phenomenology within the framework of the qualitative research paradigm. A theoretical sampling was carried out in addition to the intentional and convenience sampling, identifying actors with decision-making capacity in the health services management process at the different levels of care: director of the Health Regional Directorate (DIRESA, by its initials in Spanish), executive directors of the 11 health networks, two hospital directors, and two heads of health centers. The qualitative data collection has been based on semi-structured interviews, focus groups, and documentary reviews, the results of which were analyzed and inter-preted based on the human talent management approach, the theory of organizational behavior, and the APS paradigm. Results Organizational management of APS in Puno involves addressing six emerging analysis subcategories: unfavorable organizational culture and climate;centralization and prioritization of curative and recuperative medicine;organizational anarchy in the regional health system (poor rectory);institutional and organizational instability;politici-zation of the health system, and deficiencies in the training of health professionals. Conclusions An adequate human talent management of people in health will contribute significantly to the renewed organizational management of the regional and national health system based on a unified and complementary model between APS and curative and recuperative medicine. © 2022, Universidad Nacional de Colombia. All rights reserved.

Efficiency of the Cervical Cancer Program on the Budget Execution Processes during COVID 19 Pandemic Years 2020 - 2021 in Peru

Objectives: The study aims to determine the influence of the efficiency of the cervical cancer program on the budget execution during the COVID-19 pandemic years 2020- 2021. Method(s): Estimating the screened women and using a micro-costing analysis to estimate the cost of treating precancerous lesions and cervical cancer in the pandemic and a non-pandemic scenario during 2020 -2021. Finally, the estimation of the budget execution for the cervical cancer program led by the Ministry of Health in the pandemic and non-pandemic scenarios. The estimation in the study was through two scenarios determined, the pandemic and non-pandemic scenarios during the years 2020 and 2021. After that, it was determined the number of screened and non-screened women. The next step was the cost estimation of the low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL), high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL), and cervical cancer at different stages. Therefore, this information is necessary for the Peruvian Ministry of Health to provide healthcare services to patients who did not get screened in the years 2020 and 2021. Result(s): The non-pandemic scenario would be spent USD 33,547,185 and USD 37,428,997 in 2020 and 2021, respectively. Conversely, in the pandemic scenario, spent USD 9,934,440 and USD 23,762,073 by 2020 and 2021. Therefore, by 2020 must be spent 68.7% of the budget, but only had been spent 20.3%. Moreover, in 2021, only 46.7% of the budget was spent when it should be 73.6% of the total budget. Therefore, USD 39,496,476 and USD 27,114,114 were not executed in 2020 and 2021, respectively. Conclusion(s): A total of USD 66,610,590 was the non-executed budget for the cervical program and needs to be reallocated in the following years to provide healthcare services to the women who did not get access to screening and treatment.Copyright © 2023

When the State calls you: Quality in early childhood care services in the Pandemic. Case of the JUNTOS program

In Peru, the COVID-19 pandemic has had an impact on various dimensions of human and national development. While it is true that children have not been affected in terms of mortality, there is evidence of a negative impact on their development in the short and long term. In this sense, in Peru, timely and quality care through access to the integrated package of services of the Ministry of Health was severely affected, reducing its coverage and generating risk scenarios for the physical, emotional and mental development of children in the future. In this context, the State promoted temporary interventions through Emergency Decree 095-2020, including interventions aimed at early childhood development through the National Program of Direct Support to the Poorest "JUNTOS”. This article aims to examine the implementation of these interventions by "JUNTOS”, analyze the challenges and results achieved, and propose working hypotheses for research. It proposes to explain the success of the implementation through: i) innovation in the face of implementation challenges;ii) the relevance of intersectoral coordination;and, iii) improving the quality of public services through universal mechanisms of affiliation and accompaniment to families. © 2022, Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru. All rights reserved.

Factors associated with fear of pandemic information received by Peruvian police and military personnel

Introduction: For police and military, access to suitable and truthful information has always been important, during the pandemic the need was even greater due to the tasks assigned to them as part of the front line against the COVID-19 pandemic. Objective: To determine the factors associated with fear of pandemic information received by Peruvian police and military personnel. Methods: Cross-sectional study with analytical procedures, 1 017 Peruvian police and military were surveyed, through surveys conducted during the pandemic, a validated test was used to measure the perception of fear or concern transmitted by the media, the frequencies and analytical results were reported. Results: The respondents perceived a lot of fear of social networks (22% strongly agree and 36% agree) and television (20% strongly agree and 32% agree). In the multivariate model, the military perceived less fear compared to the police (aPR: 0.65;CI95%: 0.49-0.88;value p= 0.004), in addition, the Internet was the medium that generated a greater frequency of perception of fear among the respondents (aPR: 1.65;CI95%: 1.04-2.61;value p= 0.032), adjusted for 3 variables. Conclusion: Television and social networks are the main media that generate fear among police and military;in addition, being scared was more associated with being informed through the Internet. © 2023, Editorial Ciencias Medicas. All rights reserved.

Creation and implementation of the SIENMECRO chronic patient drug delivery system: qualitative study

Introduction: Faced with the pandemic produced by SARS-CoV-2, the Peruvian government implemented several measures such as the temporary closure of primary care facilities and the health system implemented various policies and strategies;one of them was to create and implement the Drug Delivery System for Chronic Patients (SIENMECRO) project. Background: To describe the creation and implementation process of SIENMECRO project. Methods: Qualitative case study that involved reviewing existing documentation such as texts and videos and conducting in-depth interviews with officials and collaborators involved since the preparation of SIENMECRO proposal. Results: SIENMECRO project emerges as a positive initiative with the aspiration of promoting an integrated health system that addresses the health reality from the social determinants of health, due to patients' difficulties to go to their controls and to receive their treatment. Although there was no comprehensive plan for the implementation and control of the project, it was essential to cover the need for health care for a vulnerable segment of the population, avoiding their transfer and preserving the health of the people most likely to suffer complications from COVID-19 infection. Conclusions: It is an initiative where the health system takes a more proactive role for the benefit of the population, implementing the use of technology of the information and communication in health care, articulating with the various providers and bringing services closer to the most vulnerable citizens.

Perspectives on the use of the Fraction Strips application in teaching fractions

The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed the digital divide and the limited tech-nopedagogical proficiency of teachers. To improve the teaching of fractions, thirty elementary school teachers were trained in the use of the Fraction Strips virtual manipulative. Phenomenology was used to assess their learning experiences and the dynamics of technological appropriation were recorded. The results showed a significant appropriation of the manipulative, the importance of multiple representations in the conceptual understanding of fractions and the promotion of meaningful and discovery learning. In conclusion, the training improved the teach-ers' digital competencies and pedagogical practices. © GKA Ediciones, authors. Creative Commons Reconocimiento-NoComercial-SinObraDerivada.

COVID-19 and Food Insecurity in Latin America and the Caribbean

The objective was to determine the prevalence of household food insecurity (FI) in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) during the COVID-19 pandemic. Secondary analysis was performed using the waves 1 to 3 of the 2020 COVID-19 High Frequency Phone Surveys in 13 LAC countries. The countries with the highest FI in the first wave were Honduras (60.3%), Peru (58.1%) and Ecuador (57.9%). Likewise, the countries with the greatest differences in the prevalence of FI between the first and last waves in percentage points (PP) were Peru (-29), Guatemala (-27.7) and Bolivia (-21.8). LAC countries face a great burden of FI.Copyright © 2022 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

Pandemia de la COVID-19 y las Políticas de Salud Pública en el Perú: marzo-mayo 2020/COVID-19 pandemic and Public Health Policies in Peru: March-May 2020

Objetivo El trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar la dinámica del comportamiento de la COVID-19 en el Perú, estimar y evaluar el impacto de la política pública de supresión (cuarentena). Métodos El modelo epidemiológico SIR y la estimación con el método de Mínimos Cuadrados Ordinarios (MCO). Resultados Se encontró que el número básico de propagación (Ro) cayó de 6,0 a 3,2 habiéndose reducido en 54% por efecto de la estrategia de supresión, y dos meses después cayó a 1,7. Sin embargo, sigue siendo alto y evidencia que aún continúa en expansión el nivel de infectados, con los efectos sociales y económicos adversos que esta medida implica. Conclusión La COVID-19 es una enfermedad que crece exponencialmente, por lo cual, la política de salud basada en la estrategia de supresión ha permitido aplanar la curva de contagio, evitando el colapso del Sistema de Salud. Objective The objective of the study is to analyze the behavior dynamics of COVID-19 in Peru, estimate and evaluate the impact of the suppression public policy (quarantine). Methods The SIR epidemiological model and the estimation with the ordinary Least Squares (OLS) method. Results It was found that the basic number of propagation (Ro) fell from 6,0 to 3,2 having been reduced by 54% due to the suppression strategy;and two months later it falls to 1,7. However, it remains high and evidence that the level of those infected continues to expand with its adverse social and economic effects. Conclusion COVID-19 is a disease that grows exponentially, and that the health policy based on the suppression strategy has allowed to flatten the contagion curve, thus avoiding the collapse of the Health System.

First isolation and characterization of the prototype strain of the SARSCoV-2 virus at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic in Peru

Introduction: Currently, isolated from SARS-CoV-2 virus exceed 600 million cases in the world. Objective(s): Isolation and characterization of the SARS-CoV-2 virus causing COVID-19 at the beginning of the pandemic in Peru. Method(s): Twenty nasal and pharyngeal swab samples were isolated from SARS-CoV-2 using two cell lines, Vero ATCC CCL-81 and Vero E-6;virus identification was performed by RT-PCR and the onset of cytopathic effect (CPE) was evaluated by indirect immunofluorescence and subsequent identification by genomic sequencing. One of the most widely circulating isolates were selected and named the prototype strain (PE/B.1.1/28549/2020). Then 10 successive passages were performed on Vero ATCC CCL-81 cells to assess mutation dynamics. Result(s): Results detected 11 virus isolates by cytopathic effect, and subsequently confirmed by RT-PCR and indirect immunofluorescence. Of these, six were sequenced and identified as the lineages B.1, B.1.1, B.1.1.1, and B.1.205 according to the Pango lineage nomenclature. The prototype strain corresponded to lineage B.1.1. The analysis of the strains from the successive passages showed mutations mainly at in the spike (S) protein of the virus without variation in the identity of the lineage. Conclusion(s): Four lineages were isolated in the Vero ATCC CCL-81 cell line. Subcultures in the same cell line showed mutations in the spike protein indicating greater adaptability to the host cell and variation in pathogenicity in vitro, a behavior that allows it to have more survival success.Copyright © 2023 Anales de la Facultad de Medicina. All rights reserved.

Personal experience of Latin American therapists on their clinical practice during the COVID-19 pandemic

The health conditions generated by the COVID-19 pandemic severely restricted in-person therapy, and as a result online therapy was put into practice. The objective of this study was to describe and analyse, from the perspective of the therapist, how the pandemic has influenced their experience and clinical practice. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 24 Latin American therapists who had performed online therapy during the pandemic. The information was analysed following the coding procedures of the Grounded Theory. Three core categories were constructed from the analysis: (a) impact on the therapist: spiral of uncertainty, oppression and adaptive astonishment;(b) incorporation of technologies into clinical practice: 'I never thought they could help';and (c) transformation of the practice of psychotherapy: 'water always finds its way'. The model incorporates and relates therapists' perceptions of their professional work, patients' attitudes towards this new psychotherapy method, perception of the therapeutic relationship and process, and the facilitators and obstacles experienced in online therapy. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved) (Spanish) Las condiciones de salud generadas por la pandemia por COVID-19 restringieron severamente la terapia presencial, y se puso en practica la no presencial. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir y analizar desde la perspectiva del terapeuta, como la pandemia ha influido en su experiencia y en su practica clinica. Se realizaron entrevistas cualitativas a 24 terapeutas latinoamericanos que habian realizado terapia no presencial durante la pandemia. La informacion fue analizada siguiendo los procedimientos de codificacion de la Teoria Fundamentada. A partir del analisis se construyeron tres categorias axiales a) Impacto en el terapeuta: Espiral de incertidumbre, agobio y asombro adaptativo;b) Incorporacion de las tecnologias a la practica clinica: 'nunca pense que podia servir';y c) Transformacion del ejercicio de la psicoterapia: 'el agua siempre encuentra su camino'. El modelo incorpora y relaciona: las percepciones de los terapeutas sobre su trabajo profesional, las actitudes de los pacientes hacia esta nueva modalidad de psicoterapia, la percepcion de la relacion y el proceso terapeuticos, asi como los facilitadores y obstaculos experimentados en la terapia no presencial. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)

Declaration of Cuernavaca

The National Public Health Institutes (NPHI), members of the Latin American Regional Network of the International Association of National Institutes of Public Health, met face to face at the headquarters of the National Institute of Public Health of Mexico, in the City of Cuernavaca, from October 5 to 7, 2022, with the participation of the directors or their representatives of the NPHIs of Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Mexico, Peru and Suriname and representatives of the South American Sub regional Program (SAM), and the Central American Sub regional Program (CAM) of the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), the Organization of the Amazon Cooperation Treaty (OTCA), the Andean Health Agency/Hipolito Unanue Agreement (ORAS/CONHU) and the Central American Integration System (SICA/COMISCA), analyzing the role of the NPHI in combating health inequities;in confronting the global climate and environmental crisis;combating hunger, food insecurity and malnutrition;successes and challenges in responding to the Covid-19 pandemic;strengthening and continuous improvement of integrated disease surveillance and preparedness for health emergencies;as well as the various existing regional and sub-regional health cooperation programs, noticing that: 1. In the current scenario, the dominating development model is a generator of growing social inequalities, which determine serious inequities in the health conditions of our peoples. 2. Likewise, the current model of production and consumption, adopted at the global level, has increased hunger, food insecurity and malnutrition that possibly constitute nowadays the main health problem in our region. 3. The environmental crisis, which is also a product of the current global development model, has a significant impact on human and animal health and the interaction between both. 4. The NPHIs have played a role of major relevance in confronting the Covid-19 pandemic, not fully applying, however, their full potential for research and for proposing national plans for the disease control. 5. Health surveillance systems, in most of our countries, suffer from significant fragmentation between various sectors and within the health sector itself, implying, in any case, reactive actions that do not allow for anticipating the emergence of new pathologies or health emergencies. 6. The various regional and sub regional cooperation agencies and programs offer an enormous capacity for synergies and mutual cooperation.

Technological Devices and Digital Competences: A Look into the Digital Divides for University Continuity during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Virtual education has gained great relevance in recent years, due to the pandemic. The access to electronic devices and services represents an urgent necessity and thus the concern for acquiring digital competences, which allow a proper interaction within the teaching–learning process. Recent studies have demonstrated the importance of having digital resources and the adaptability of their use from the university students' homes during the pandemic crisis. This research intends to identify the relevant challenges regarding the accessibility to technological devices and digital competences that university students had to face to obtain suitable learning during the lockdown, due to the pandemic. The sample information consisted of 9326 Peruvian university students. The data was obtained from the National Homes Survey from the Statistics and Information National Institute, and it was distributed in twenty-five regions (in groups of five macro-regions) over a period of three years (2019–2021). The results showed significant differences in the number of students with internet access from home: between 40% and 60% access classes with a desktop or laptop, and digital competences have improved in the last year. This is evidence that digital divides set limits on the opportunities for a quality education.

FORMACIÓN E INSERCIÓN DE PERSONAS DOCTORADAS EN CIENCIAS SOCIALES Y HUMANAS EN AMÉRICA LATINA

Aunque con diferencias en cada caso nacional, se trata de un proceso que se intensifica a mediados de la década de 1990 y en los años 2000 en el caso de los doctorados, como indican estudios sobre el tema.1 Esa tendencia se asocia a tres factores clave vinculados a las políticas públicas para el sector: apoyo a la formación doctoral, principalmente a través de becas nacionales provenientes de los organismos de gobierno de la educación superior y/o de los sistemas científico-tecnológicos;institucionalización de regulaciones basadas en dispositivos nacionales de evaluación de la calidad educativa, con avances en los procesos y procedimientos de acreditación, evaluación de la calidad y categorización de programas, que posibilitaron la institucionalización de una cultura evaluativa para el doctorado;y estrategias de internacionalización promovidas -con distintas intensidades en cada caso nacional- por las instituciones de educación superior y las políticas de evaluación y fomento, que las consideran un requisito para la excelencia académica. Así, es posible afirmar que los doctorados comienzan a ocupar un espacio mayor en la agenda de investigación, con la consecuente ampliación de temas que abordan. También las desigualdades de género, geopolíticas y/o socioeducativas, que condicionan las trayectorias doctorales, ganan mayor expresión en la producción científica sobre el tema. Sin embargo, los déficits y diferencias que presentan las informaciones de las estadísticas nacionales en cada caso resultan en un obstáculo importante a ser enfrentado por quienes invierten en ese tipo de producciones (De la Fare;Rovelli, 2021;Unzué;Emiliozzi, 2013). Además, en el escenario social y educativo reconfigurado a partir de la pandemia de la COVID-19, los programas y la formación doctoral enfrentan nuevos desafíos en el marco de situaciones que dieron mayor visibilidad a las desigualdades educativas y a los obstáculos de la implementación de una virtualidad improvisada para el amplio conjunto de estudiantes.

Influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on dog ownership and rabies vaccination in Metropolitan Lima.

The aim of this study was to determine the possible influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on dog ownership and anti-rabies vaccination practices in Metropolitan Lima (Peru), taking as a source of information the National Survey of Budgetary Programmes (ENAPRES) carried out by the Instituto Nacional de Estadistica e Informatica (INEI) in the period 2017-2021. The proportion of respondents who owned at least one dog per household had an increasing trend, reaching the highest proportions in the pandemic years (2020: 47.5%;2021: 50.8%). The districts of Lima Sur and Lima Centro presented the highest (52.1-58%) and lowest (31.6-42.4%) proportion of respondents with dogs, respectively. According to the socioeconomic stratum (ESE), dog ownership had an inverse relationship (rs=-0.95), with a higher proportion in sector E (51.5-60.7%) and lower in sector A (32.5-43.1%). The proportion of vaccinated animals had a decreasing trend, reaching the lowest coverage during the pandemic years (2020: 84.8%;2021: 82.4%). The highest proportion of vaccinated dogs was found in Lima Centro (88.1-95.9%). According to ESE, the relationship was direct (rs=0.813). The highest proportion of vaccinated animals during the pre-pandemic and pandemic years occurred in ESE A (90.3-95%) and B (87.8-94.8%). In all the years of the study, the lowest proportions of vaccinated animals were in ESE E (75-80.2%). The study shows that dog ownership and rabies vaccination coverage were affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. The results can be used to assess the sanitary measures implemented to keep the capital free of urban rabies.Copyright © 2023 Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos. All rights reserved.

Application of Machine Learning Techniques to Predict Visitors to the Tourist Attractions of the Moche Route in Peru

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the tourism sector has been one of the most affected sectors and requires management entities to develop urgent measures to reactivate and achieve digital transformation using emerging disruptive technologies. The objective of this research is to apply machine learning techniques to predict visitors to tourist attractions on the Moche Route in northern Peru, for which a methodology based on four main stages was applied: (1) data collection, (2) model analysis, (3) model development, and (4) model evaluation. Public data from official sources and internet data (TripAdvisor and Google Trends) during the period from January 2011 to May 2022 are used. Four algorithms are evaluated: linear regression, KNN regression, decision tree, and random forest. In conclusion, for both the prediction of national and foreign tourists, the best algorithm is linear regression, and the results allow for taking the necessary actions to achieve the digital transformation to promote the Moche Route and, thus, reactivate tourism and the economy in the north of Peru.